Sexual education via open dialogue between parents and children التربية الجنسية من خلال الحوار المفتوح بين الآباء و الأبناء

Sexual education via  open dialogue between parents and children

التربية الجنسية من خلال الحوار المفتوح بين الآباء و الأبناء

Dr. Massika Lanane /Université de Béjaia

د.مسيكة لعنان ، جامعة بجاية،الجزائر

مقال نشر في   مجلة جيل العلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية العدد 56 الصفحة 171.

      ملخّص :

الأسرة هي المصدر الرئيسي للقيم الضرورية للعيش في المجتمع. في الواقع ، إنها بيئة مثالية لتعليم الأطفال ، من أجل الحفاظ على نمو جنسي آمن وصحي ، وهي مسؤولية أبوية للتحدث معهم لمساعدتهم على فهم المواضيع المتعلقة بالجنس. لتجنب الرسائل الثقافية المتضاربة حول الجنس التي تبثها وسائل الإعلام كل يوم بصور ورسائل جنسية صريحة وغير واقعية وغالباً ما تكون غير لائقة ، تستهدف على وجه الخصوص الشباب.لذلك و جب تعليم الأطفال و إرشادهم و توعيتهم  بما يحدث من تغيير في  أجسادهم في عمر مناسب. بالنسبة للأطفال الصغار ، فإن أفضل الإرشادات هي الإجابة عن أسئلتهم عند ظهورها. ومحاولة ربط الجنس دائمًا بالروحانية بطرق بسيطة ومختصرة. ومساعدتهم على إدراك أن الجنس هو شيء خاص أنشأه الله. بالنسبة للأطفال الأكبر سنًا ، قد يكون من الضروري بدء المناقشات معهم لأنهم أكثر نضجا . (سامبارا ، نيري وآل ، 1982).

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى إغفال الاعتقاد الثقافي القديم بأن الجنس مخجل ومحرج ولا يمكن الحديث عنه. لأن الجنس لا يشير فقط إلى الجماع أو النشاط الجنسي ، لكنه ينطوي على العقل والجسد ككل ، وليس فقط الأعضاء التناسلية. أثناء الحديث مع أبنائهم ، يجب على الوالدين أن يتعلموا أن الجنس يتشكل من خلال قيم الشخص ، ومواقفه ، ومعتقداته ، وعواطفه الشخصية ، بالإضافة إلى جميع الطرق التي تم بها إضفاء الطابع الاجتماعي على الشخص.الكلمات المفتاحية:الجنس ،الثقافة ،الأسرة ، التنشئة الاجتماعية ، النمو الجنسي الصحي.

 

Abstract:

Family is the main source of values necessary for living in society. In fact ,  it is the ideal environment for educating children , in order to maintain  a safe and healthy sexual development .It is a parental responsibility to talk with them to help them understand topics related to sexuality. In order to avoid conflicting and cultural messages about sexuality that mass media broadcast  everyday with explicit, unrealistic and often undignified sexual images and messages, targeted in particular at young people..

 Teaching children about their bodies must happen in an age appropriate way. For young children, the best guideline is to answer their questions as they arise. Try to always connect sexuality and spirituality in simple, short ways. Help them recognize that sexuality is something special and created by God. For older children, it may be necessary to initiate discussions [1]. The objective of this study was to omit the  old cultural belief that sex is shameful, embarrassing and not to be talked about. Because sexuality does not only  refer to  sexual intercourse or sexual activity , but it involves mind and body as a whole , not just the genitals. While talking   to his/her children , parent must  learn them that sexuality is shaped by  a person ‘s values, attitudes , beliefs , emotions personality as well as all the ways in which one has been socialized.

Key words: sexuality , culture,  family , socialization , healthy sexual development.

Introduction:

Sex education has become a compulsory need for  children to  learn about their bodies and their intimate relationships, in order to protect children from new media such as porn websites and sexual harassment. Parents  have the duty to educate their children  sexuality .   But ,how can sex education be applied in Algerian family  ?

“For decades, explicit sexual awareness has represented a red line in many Arab households and schools, particularly those in conservative or religious environments

No doubt that prohibiting such discussions or pretending to be naive like what previous generations did for years is not a valid option. Turning a blind eye to such issues will not make youngsters quit asking, it will actually increase their curiosity.

Male and female youngsters usually get their information on sexual relationships through word-of-mouth communication, which results in misperceptions and faulty impressions.

The concept of chastity frames abstinence from sex as the best precaution against sexually transmitted diseases (STD) — such as AIDS — as well as unintended pregnancies. On the other hand, others would argue that abstinence from sex is important until one is ready physically and psychologically. They would also concentrate on STD and unplanned pregnancies while referring to couples who decided to have sex outside wedlock[2] .

In Algeria, sex remains a taboo at home . Young people who do not know enough about their bodies and their sexual health. Lack of knowledge  and  biological classes in nature(at college) do not cover all aspects of sex education, especially the psychological aspect which  leads to some problems in their  relationships as husband  and wife later on. Besides ,teaching anatomy and doctrinal instructions in schools with regard to sex provides students with important information, sex education must start at home and develop as children grow older.

Because, sex education is primarily the responsibility of parents who better supervise it as much as possible. “When the father or the mother talks about sex with their children in the context of sanctity, love and intimacy, and without any feelings of guilt, the right message will be conveyed.”[3].

Methodology:

A descriptive and qualitative study was conducted in the wilaya of Bejaia ( a district in central east of Algiers capital of Algeria). The study population involved 50 parents of adolescents (aged 10–19 years)  selected by simple sampling.

For data collection, individual interviews guided by a semi-structured form were used. The interviews were conducted at different places ( their houses – for some acquaints -,university ,and in some parents ’work places) were recorded lasted 30 minutes each . For data analysis, the Collective Subject Discourse method was used, in which the empirical data on the discourses recorded during the interviews were organized, and collective thought was grouped into categories created on the basis of the key expressions recorded during the interviews.

Concerning  the quantitative survey  we used a  questionnaire  with 100 students aged 18 to 24 from different disciplines  which contained questions about avoiding discussions about sex- related issues for girls , fear , psychological barrier to such discussions with parents , and  even in an educational context. Our questionnaire contained questions about avoiding discussions about sex- related issues for girls , fear , psychological barrier to such discussions with parents , and  even in an educational context.

Sample’s  characteristics

Table 1 :

Faculties  and institutes	F
Human and social sciences	41
Law	08
Economics	25
Art and Literature	26
Total	100

 Through this table , we notice that the majority of students are from human and social sciences faculty , and the cause can be explained by the fact that they are my students

                   Table2:

Geographical area	Frequency
Urban	30
Rural	70
Total	100

This table shows that 70 students    live in rural areas and talking about sexuality with their parents remains something unreliable.

Definition of sexuality:

The term sexuality does not  only refer to sexual intercourse or sexual activity .Sexuality involves the mind  and body as a whole   , not just the genitals .Sexuality is shaped by a person’s values , attitudes, behaviours, physical appearance beliefs, emotions ,personality and spirituality, as well as the ways in which one has been socialized. It is important part of a person’s overall health and well-being .Sexual health education is key  to providing children with knowledge and skills they need to  ensure their healthy development.[4]

What is sexuality education? (https://www.familyplanning.org.nz)

Comprehensive sexuality education is learning about:

• The emotional, social, spiritual, physical and biological aspects of growing up
• Relationships
• Sex
• Human sexuality
• sexual and reproductive health

It involves young people in expanding knowledge, exploring attitudes and developing skills in order to lead fulfilling and healthy lives.

The purpose of comprehensive sexuality education is to give children and young people information, skills and values to have safe, fulfilling and enjoyable relationships and to take responsibility for their sexual and reproductive health and well-being.

It aims to contribute to behavior change, including reducing unprotected and unwanted sex, and reducing harmful behavior, including sexual offences such as assault and abuse.

Sexuality is a taboo

Even when sex is unspoken it takes place and is practiced in a variety of ways. In many forms sex has been the antithesis of speaking, an experience that ‘dare not speak its name’ or in some ways has no name. From hygiene guides for women, to early dating and sex columns in newspapers, to medical textbooks, sex was being talked about in a lot of different ways, to a lot of different people.

In Algerian society people talk much more of marriage than of a sexual relationship because , the wedlock is the legitimate pass to have sex  than a sacred lifelong commitment[5] Thus, sexual  violence , rape, frustration  may occur  in the couple’s life , simply because  of ignorance  of issues like intimacy.

Instead of talking of sexuality , some parents encourage their children to marry and support them till they can stand on their own feet. Or , by encouraging them to faste  because , fasting learns people stoicism. Muslim  parents should at least morally feel obliged to provide such support for their youths. This is not a matter of charity; it is a matter of surviving as a Muslim community in a morally hostile environment.

The boy and the girl can do their ‘aqd (Islamic marriage contract) but postpone the marriage ceremony till after they have finished their education. In other words, they would be married but still staying with their parents. They can meet each other without any shar’i objection; and if they decide to have sexual relations, then they should use permissible contraceptive means to delay the child-bearing process. In this way, they would be able to fulfill their sexual desire and be free from financial responsibilities.

Puberty period  consequences  on sex awareness

As children develop into adolescents , they  go through a series of significant, natural and healthy changes. These physical, emotional and cognitive changes make them appear adult-like, yet they are still emotionally immature. Aside from acne and an increase in body odor, the most prominent physical changes that occur to adolescents are the maturing of the genital organs, or puberty. Although the timing of puberty varies a great deal between adolescents, as a rule, girls develop earlier than boys. [6](Gordon, S., Gordon, J. 2000).

The onset of menstruation marks the beginning of puberty for girls. Once a girl begins menstruating regularly, she is capable of reproduction. Other physical changes girls go through include an increase in body hair, the emergence of breast tissue and rapid growth. The average age for puberty in girls is 12.5 years old. Girls who mature earlier tend to feel awkward around their less developed friends and might feel inhibited from playing sports. In addition, they might be mistaken for an older woman and thrust into situations to which they aren’t emotionally ready. On the other hand, girls who mature late worry whether their body is functioning normally.

As opposed to girls, boys enter puberty gradually, not as a result of a single event. The physical changes in boys – between the ages of 13 and 17 – include rapid growth, an increase in body and facial hair, developing sexual organs and undergoing voice changes. In addition, as boys develop sexually, they release nocturnal emissions. The average age for boys to enter puberty is 14 years old. Boys who mature earlier are looked upon as leaders as well as athletes, since they obtain increased muscle strength and speed at a younger age. On the other hand, boys who mature late are often teased; however, this usually stops when they catch up to their peers, as they inevitably do.[7]

Under the influence of transformations sexuality occurs  as a part of the personality of each individual and is a basic need that should be met along with other relevant aspects of life. This demands the need for further clarification on the theme among those who are in close contact with adolescents, aiming at their protection, prevention, and reconstruction. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the approach to sexuality in the dialogue between parents and adolescents. [8]

Approaches to sexuality education

Two approaches  based on psychological and social learning theories have to be concerned : risk elimination and vulnerability reduction. Risk reduction falls in the middle. “Abstinence only”  are programs that  demonstrate the real meaning of risk elimination  and which  promote  sexual abstinence until marriage, often within an explicit framework of religious or ideological values and beliefs.

Risk elimination focuses upon reducing specific risks, such as pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Whereas,  vulnerability reduction shifts the focus from the level of the individual to that of the group, community or institution.

There are two main weaknesses associated with these approaches.

First, they tend to reflect an often unstated assumption that individuals are in control of their lives and behavior. The reality of sexual abuse indicates how little control some children actually have over their bodies and lives. Second, they reflect the individualistic psychological orientation of western societies, underestimating the existence(in all societies) of multiple and of competing discourses and belief systems about sexuality and gender. Vulnerability reduction draws from theories of social action and explicitly seeks to address sexuality-related power differentials. However, these approaches are complex to implement and sustain, as well as being difficult to evaluate.

Results:

Talking  about sexuality is an important but challenging  conversation to make some parents feel uncomfortable  or embarrassed talking about sex and sexuality. And if ever , they talk with  their children , this will  encourage them to experiment.

Teenagers who have grown up having positive conversations with  their parents about sex are more likely to  delay sexual activity .

Some parents talk with their children in order to prevent  them learning sexuality from wrong and untrustworthy  sources of information such as : television, magazines, music, print advertisement, internet , which vehicle beliefs and behaviours  different from theirs.

The majority of parents said that it is very important to start talking  about sexuality early especially in infancy , because young children become curious about their bodies  and picking  up on relationship dynamics[9]

Teaching them the correct  names of body  parts  and explain why  boys and girls look different  which encourages children to ask questions.

To use  age-appropriate language , including real terms talk in order  to explain that sexuality  is a part of human and emotional  development  at infancy : introduce  human parts; at puberty explain what is sexuality.

 When , they ask questions  parents have  not to show that they  are shocked , embarrassed , but simply , they answer honestly  and calmly. For example, where do babies come from? Why  do boys pice differently  than girls?

 The results show that 70percent of male participants received information on puberty via media against only 5 percent of female participants. And 30percent of male participants received information on puberty in schools against only 2 percent of female participants. And , the majority  has never discussed such issues with their  parents.

“There is no embarrassment in seeking knowledge, and what adolescents won’t find in a reliable source they will find in one thousand unreliable sources,”

30% of the answers of students show that if ever something related to sexuality comes up in a conversation parents change the topic or’’ respond inappropriately,. So we soon run away’’  in order  to cover the  sensitivity .

60%  claim that  during the adolescence and even now  their parents  did not pay attention to their social environment. They don‘t watch television with them. Both of girls and boys  with 70% proved that they knew the body of the other via  Internet. ‘’ sometimes I received many sexualized messages on my mobile , and my mom sometimes  finds them  but never engages in conversation with me ‘’[Ali , 23th years old].

Listening  to their music with them and talk with them about what they enjoy. Asking  them to explain songs to  parent .It gives them a chance to talk about what they believe and it gives the parent  a chance to hear it. ‘’I  am lucky to have a good relationship with  my daughter , we sometimes  do shopping  together , we even listen music together ,and I am used to ask her questions about the story of the song and the emotional  impact that has on  women/men feel’’[Amel ,40 years old years]

Parents must make their children understand and learn them suitable   time to ask questions about sexuality , because , children often ask questions or make comments at very inopportune times. For instance: in a public place, at home near guests , in parties ( marriages) .

In Muslim  traditional society , parents introduce male  child to sexuality and prepare him to circumcision as the first step to be a  real man virile and  can take part in the preservation of his family progenitors .On the other hand,  , mothers do not speak about sexuality with  their girls  till their marriage to show them how to deal with their husband  by preserving the character of timidity.

It has been observed that mothers’ reservations for discussing sexual topics strongly hindered communication with sons but not with daughters[10] .

When sons receive communication from parents on sexual topics, the topics are different than those discussed with daughters. Daughters receive more information about menstruation, abortion, pregnancy, and dealing with sexual pressure than sons. Sons receive more information about abstinence, using a condom, masturbation, and wet dreams[11] .

As adolescents get older, their chance of experiencing sexual intercourse increases. The quality of the relationship between child and parent is also demonstrated by research as being influential to the occurrence and amount of sexuality communication.( Feldman and Rosenthal ,2000). Adolescents were comfortable in sex-related communications when mothers talked openly, made an effort to make them comfortable, encouraged questions, talked about sexual issues like any other health topic, and when they began these types of communications at an early age. Adolescents viewed mothers positively as communicators when they used good communication techniques in general, such as being honest, being a good listener, and trying to understand another’s point of view .Some  parents, find it difficult to talk sexuality with  their children when they themselves are still surrounded by taboos and uncertainties. For many parents, the sexuality of their children raises questions concerning repressed aspects of their own sexuality.[12]

In explaining sexuality , parents  may assess their own sexuality, which occasionally generates feelings of anguish.( Bulut F, Gölbaşı Z.,2009) It is extremely important that the adolescent understands the information provided, and for this purpose, clear, accessible and objective communication is necessary. Alternatively, a participatory dialogue may be adopted, in which case the adolescents not only listen but also express their main concerns. The analysis of the parents’ speeches indicated that their dialogue only covered reproductive aspects of sexuality[13]   .

It is important to remember that sexuality is  not only sexual intercourse but is also “a subjective process, mediated through the body, experience, exchange, exploration, and projections built throughout life.”[14] Sexuality is present from conception and is considered essential to health and quality of life; therefore, it must be experienced in a comprehensive and healthy manner since childhood.

Sexual shame is not solely a religious issue, but it is in the religious communities where we are now seeing this problem reach epidemic levels. Atheists who watch porn rarely report concerns or problems with it, while the strength of a person’s religious beliefs and moral condemnation of porn, predicts that they will feel addicted to porn, regardless of how little they watch. Religious people are at heightened risk of developing sexual disorders, and feeling at a loss to deal with them or get help.[15] Sadly, when people within religious communities seek help for their sexual concerns, they are most often told to suppress or “battle” their sexuality, or sent to pseudo treatments such as sex or porn addiction programs, where their sexual desires are portrayed as a form of sickness. Shame creates a feedback loop of pain, fear, dysfunction and self-hatred, which is the true root of most sexual problems.

Student  suggested that the ministry of education create a book and give it to children that enables them to understand their bodies and answers some questions about sexuality based on Gender-based violence sexual abuse and harmful practices”[16](Unesco2009:86)

Level I (5-8 years) use of  pictures and films [17]

Describe examples of positive and harmful practices

Define sexual abuse

• There are positive and harmful practices that affect health and

well-being in society

• Human rights protect all people against sexual abuse and violence
• Inappropriate touching, unwanted and forced sex (rape) are forms of sexual abuse
• Sexual abuse is always wrong

Learning Objectives for Level II (9-12 years)

Explain how gender role stereotypes contribute to forced sexual activity and sexual abuse

Define and describe gender-based violence, including rape and its

prevention

Demonstrate relevant communication skills (e.g. assertiveness,

refusal) in resisting sexual abuse

• Traditional beliefs and practices can be a source of positive learning
• Honour killings, bride killings and crimes of passion are examples of harmful practices and gender inequality that violate human rights
• There are ways to seek help in the case of sexual abuse and rape
• Assertiveness and refusal skills can help to resist sexual abuse and gender-based violence, including rape

Learning Objectives for Level III (12-15 years)

Identify specific strategies for reducing gender-based violence, including rape and sexual abuse

• All forms of sexual abuse and gender-based violence by adults, young people and people in positions of authority are a violation of human rights
• Everyone has a responsibility to report sexual abuse
• There are trusted adults who can refer you to services that support

victims of sexual abuse and gender-based violence

Learning Objectives for Level IV (15-18 years)

Demonstrate ability to argue for the elimination of gender role stereotypes and inequality, harmful practices and gender-based violence

• Everyone has a responsibility to advocate for gender equality and

speak out against human rights violations such as sexual abuse, harmful practices and gender-based violence

Some problems due to absence of sex communication

 

“Sexual shame is a visceral feeling of humiliation and disgust toward one’s own body and identity as a sexual being, and a belief of being abnormal, inferior and unworthy. This feeling can be internalized but also manifests in interpersonal relationships having a negative impact on trust, communication, and physical and emotional intimacy. Sexual shame develops across the lifespan in interactions with interpersonal relationships, one’s culture and society, and subsequent critical self-appraisal (a continuous feedback loop). There is also a fear and uncertainty related to one’s power or right to make decisions, including safety decisions, related to sexual encounters, along with an internalized judgment toward one’s own sexual desire.”( Dr. Clark. Noel, 2017 )

 Ignorance and then silence: when a male’s lack of knowledge or concern for his spouse that led to a loss of romance in married life. The family offered little for sexual insight – with parents feeling too inadequate to properly educate on that matter. In some cases , ignorance may lead to divorce because  few men and many women who will disagree with to talk about their sexual problems that they ignore and to be  too embarrassed to speak about sexual issues .Add to this,  absence of  manuals on marriage and sex hygiene, which creates some sensitiveness between the couple.

The majority of women believe that men know more than them, which is not true according to the doctor, so , inferiority feelings makes women as dependant to men even though they know more , and they must show the least of their knowledge ‘’because it is shameless  as a woman  to be the master in a sex intercourse ‘’.

Some advice for  parents:[18] ( Public Health,2009:9)

Choose  a quite time when none is rushed;

Help your child  express their feelings

Be  patient and prepared to hear the information your child is willing to share;

Listen to each family member;

Be honest;

Share the reasons for your beliefs and personal  values;

Encourage your child to feel good  about himself  and his body;

Discuss the components of a  healthy relationship;

Help your of  child learn  how to make decisions about relationships and sex .Emphasize that their  decisions  may have consequences .

Communicate  your family  values on sexuality;

Help your child develop  a personal value system , but recognize that it may be different from your own;

Counteract the distorted view about sexual relationship that are some shown in the media ;

Respect your child’s need for privacy ;

Show that you are interested without demanding intimate details. Children need to know that you trust and respect them.

 

 

 

CONCLUSION

Sexuality is considered one of the basic human needs and should be experienced in a comprehensive and healthy manner.

In order for young people to behave responsibly when it comes to decisions about their sexual health, society has the responsibility to provide youth with accurate, age-appropriate sexual health education; access to services to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases; and the resources to help them lead healthy lives. Teaching sexual health education in schools is crucial to preparing young people to safeguard their sexual health throughout their lives.

By talking with children about their children about their sexuality , parents encourage  the development  of healthy attitudes and responsible behavior .By having open and frequent conversations , they ensure that the child is receiving accurate information .

There’s nothing simple about teaching kids about sex. In these times of precocious pre-teens, pregnancy among teenagers, and sexually transmitted diseases and infections (STDs), children and adolescents need much more than a one-time chat about the birds and the bees. Pregnancy prevention and safe sex really should be ongoing, age-appropriate topics.

Ideally, children will get all of the information they need at home, from their parents, but school also should be an important source of information.

 

Bibliography:

1. Bulut F, Gölbaşı Z. The evaluation of communication between adolescent girls and their mothers related to sexual issues. Gülhane Askeri Tip Akademisi. 2009; 8(1):27-36.
2. (2012) Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance,. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3. (2012)Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance,. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2014) “Exemplary Sexual Health Education (ESHE).” Accessed March 5, from http://www.cdc.gov/ healthyyouth/foa/1308foa/pdf/eshe_rationale.pdf
5. Cyprian, J. (1 998). Teaching human sexuality: A guide forparents and caregivers.
6. Annapolis Junction, MD: Child Welfare League of America.
7. Finer LB and Philbin JM,(2013) Sexual initiation, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among young adolescents; Pediatrics.
8. Gordon, S., Gordon, J. (2000). Raising a child responsibly in a sexually permissive
9. Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corporation.
10. Marcell AV, Wibbelsman C, Seigel WM; Committee on Adolescence. Male adolescent sexual and reproductive health care. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):e1658-76.
11. Moglia, R.F., Knowles, J. (1 997). All about Sex: A family resource on sex and sexuality. New York, NY: Marketing Group, Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Mother’s Voices. (1 998). Finding our voices: Talking with our children about sexuality and AIDS. New York, NY: Mother’s Voices.
12. Moskey G.Eilean (2002),Talking about Sexuality: Parent’s Communication and Its Influence on their Children’s Attitudes and Behaviors, university of Maine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library.
13. Sampaio Nery Inez,Jairo José de Moura Feitosa1,Álvaro Francisco(2014) Lopes de Sousa1,Ana Catharina Nunes Fernandes Approach to sexuality in the dialogue between parents and adolescents 1Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil.Gender-based violence sexual abuse and harmful practices”(Unesco2009:86)
14. https://raseef22.com/en/life/2018/03/20/arab-world-able-deal-sex-education/
15. https://lifestyle.howstuffworks.com/family/parenting/tweens-teens/physical-changes-in-adolescence.htm
16. https://www.familyplanning.org.nz/advice/sexuality-education/what-is-sexuality-education

[1] Sampaio Nery Inez,Jairo José de Moura Feitosa1,Álvaro Francisco Lopes de Sousa1,Ana Catharina Nunes Fernandes  Approach to sexuality in the dialogue between parents and adolescents 1Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina, PI, Brazil.Gender-based violence sexual abuse and harmful practices”(Unesco2009:86)

[2] https://raseef22.com/en/life/2018/03/20/arab-world-able-deal-sex-education/

[3] Moglia, R.F., Knowles, J. (1 997). All about Sex: A family resource on sex and sexuality. New York, NY: Marketing Group, Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Mother’s Voices. (1 998). Finding our voices: Talking with our children about sexuality and AIDS. New York, NY: Mother’s Voices.

[4] Bulut F, Gölbaşı Z. The evaluation of communication between adolescent girls and their mothers related to sexual issues. Gülhane Askeri Tip Akademisi. 2009; 8(1):27-36.

[5] Cyprian, J. Teaching human sexuality: A guide for parents and caregivers.

Annapolis Junction, MD: Child Welfare League of America,1998, P32.

[6] Gordon, S., Gordon, J. Raising a child responsibly in a sexually permissive world. Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corporation,2000,p 15.

[7] CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance,. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2012.

[8] CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance,. Atlanta: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, op cite.

[9] Finer LB and Philbin JM,  Sexual initiation, contraceptive use, and pregnancy among young adolescents; Pediatrics2013, p56.

[10] https://raseef22.com/en/life/2018/03/20/arab-world-able-deal-sex-education/

[11] Moskey G.Eilean (2002),Talking about Sexuality: Parent’s Communication and Its Influence on their Children’s Attitudes and Behaviors, university of Maine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library,2002,p201.

[12] https://www.familyplanning.org.nz/advice/sexuality-education/what-is-sexuality-education, checked out ,13thjanuary 2018.

[13] Sampaio Nery Inez,Jairo José , op cite .P83.

[14] Marcell AV, Wibbelsman C, Seigel WM; Committee on Adolescence. Male adolescent sexual and reproductive health care. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):e1658-76.

[15] Centers  for Disease Control and Prevention. “Exemplary Sexual Health Education (ESHE).”Accessed March 5, from http://www.cdc.gov/ healthyyouth/foa/1308foa/pdf/eshe_rationale.pdf,2014,p10.

[16] Gordon, S., Gordon, J. Raising a child responsibly in a sexually permissive world. Holbrook, MA: Adams Media Corporation,2000,p 15.

[17] Ibid, p19